Guides Cryptography in Web3

Cryptography in Web3 Hashes, ZK, MPC & Homomorphic Encryption

Core primitives that power blockchains, privacy, scalability, and safer key management explained clearly with practical links.

⏱ — min read 🧩 Primitives 🔐 Privacy & Scale
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1) Hash Functions (SHA-256, Keccak-256, Merkle Trees)

Integrity

Preimage/collision resistance, avalanche effect, Merkle proofs, and pitfalls like length-extension.

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2) Zero-Knowledge Proofs (SNARKs vs STARKs)

ZK

Circuits, proving/verification, trusted setup trade-offs, and real Web3 uses (privacy + rollups).

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3) Multi-Party Computation (Threshold Signatures & Private Compute)

Key Management

MPC/TSS wallets vs multisig, secret sharing, nonce hygiene, and institutional custody patterns.

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4) Homomorphic Encryption (HE)

Encrypted Compute

Compute on encrypted data (partial → FHE), pairing with ZK for verifiable privacy, and practical limits.

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Further Learning

References
  • Practice: domain-separated hashing, HMAC, EIP-712 typed data
  • ZK: arithmetization, Fiat–Shamir, trusted setup ceremonies
  • MPC: DKG, threshold ECDSA/EdDSA, device isolation
  • HE: BFV/CKKS, bootstrapping, batching & noise budgets
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