Discover how smart contracts work, the most common token standards, and real-world use cases that power decentralized application
Oracles: Bringing Real-World Data On-Chain (Chainlink and Pyth) Price feeds, verifiable randomness, automation, and cross-chain messaging, plus common failure modes and how to harden your contracts against them. TL;DR: Oracles bridge off-chain facts to on-chain programs. You will encounter two dominant patterns: push oracles (for example Chainlink aggregators that periodically post a price on chain) […]
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Homomorphic Encryption (HE): Compute on Encrypted Data Partially, somewhat, and fully homomorphic schemes, what they enable, how they work at a high level, and where HE fits next to zero-knowledge and blockchains. TL;DR: Homomorphic encryption lets you perform operations on ciphertexts so that, after decryption, you get the same result as if you had computed
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Multi-Party Computation (MPC): Threshold Signatures and Private Compute Split secrets, compute together. How MPC wallets and threshold signatures differ from multisig, what actually runs during signing, and how to operate these systems safely at scale. TL;DR: MPC lets a group jointly compute a function without revealing their individual inputs. For wallets, threshold signatures (TSS) produce
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Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZK): Proving Facts Without Revealing Inputs Circuits and witnesses, proving and verification flows, zk-SNARKs versus zk-STARKs, recursion and aggregation, and how ZK powers privacy and scaling across Web3 today. TL;DR: A prover convinces a verifier that a statement is true without revealing the secret witness. In Web3, ZK enables privacy (shielded transfers and
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Hash Functions in Web3 (SHA-256, Keccak-256, Merkle Trees) Preimage resistance, collisions, avalanche, and how hashes secure blocks, addresses, storage, logs, and proofs across modern chains. TL;DR: A cryptographic hash maps arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest while resisting preimage, second-preimage, and collision attacks. Bitcoin standardizes on SHA-256 (often applied twice), while the EVM stack uses
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Interoperability Protocols: Polkadot, Cosmos (IBC), and Wormhole From shared security and cross-consensus messaging to guardian-signed messages across heterogeneous chains. What each model guarantees, where it is strong, where it fails, and how to build safely on top. TL;DR: Interoperability stacks differ mainly in how they verify foreign state and who bears security. Polkadot couples chains
Interoperability Protocols (Polkadot, Cosmos/IBC, Wormhole) Read More »
Bridges and Cross-Chain Swaps: Lock and Mint, Burn and Redeem, Liquidity Routers How assets and messages travel between chains, what is actually verified, and how swap aggregators compose routes across bridges and DEXs while controlling risk, fees, and finality. TL;DR: Bridges come in two flavors: asset movement and message passing. Asset bridges use lock and
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Multi-sig Wallets and MPC: Shared Control, Fewer Single Points of Failure Set m-of-n approvals for treasury moves, upgrade rights, or personal vault safety. Compare on-chain multisig and MPC, design pragmatic policies, and avoid common operational mistakes. TL;DR: A multisig is a smart-contract account that executes only after m-of-n owner approvals; policy is transparent and enforceable
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Decentralized Identifiers (DID) and Verifiable Credentials User controlled identifiers plus portable, signed claims. How DIDs resolve, how credentials are issued and verified, and how these building blocks fit with wallets, apps, security, and compliance. Quick navigation: Introduction • DIDs: formats and methods • Verifiable credentials: model and formats • Issuance flows (wallet and server) •
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Soulbound Tokens (SBTs): Non-Transferable Credentials for Web3 Identity Degrees, memberships, KYC indicators, and achievements that stick to a wallet. This lesson explains what SBTs are, when they shine, how to design for consent and revocation, and how to pair them with private verifiable credentials for safer real-world uses. Quick navigation: Introduction • Model and motivation
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