Discover how smart contracts work, the most common token standards, and real-world use cases that power decentralized application
Indexing and Querying: The Graph, Subgraphs and GraphQL From raw on chain events to queryable APIs: subgraph schemas, mappings, indexing economics, and production grade query patterns. TL;DR: The Graph turns contract events and call results into a GraphQL API using a subgraph that declares a schema, a manifest of what to watch, and mapping functions […]
Indexing and Querying (The Graph) Read More »
Oracles: Bringing Real-World Data On-Chain (Chainlink and Pyth) Price feeds, verifiable randomness, automation, and cross-chain messaging, plus common failure modes and how to harden your contracts against them. TL;DR: Oracles bridge off-chain facts to on-chain programs. You will encounter two dominant patterns: push oracles (for example Chainlink aggregators that periodically post a price on chain)
Oracles (Chainlink, Pyth) Read More »
Homomorphic Encryption (HE): Compute on Encrypted Data Partially, somewhat, and fully homomorphic schemes, what they enable, how they work at a high level, and where HE fits next to zero-knowledge and blockchains. TL;DR: Homomorphic encryption lets you perform operations on ciphertexts so that, after decryption, you get the same result as if you had computed
Homomorphic Encryption (HE): Compute on Encrypted Data Read More »
Multi-Party Computation (MPC): Threshold Signatures and Private Compute Split secrets, compute together. How MPC wallets and threshold signatures differ from multisig, what actually runs during signing, and how to operate these systems safely at scale. TL;DR: MPC lets a group jointly compute a function without revealing their individual inputs. For wallets, threshold signatures (TSS) produce
Multi-Party Computation (MPC): Threshold Keys and Private Compute Read More »
Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZK): Proving Facts Without Revealing Inputs Circuits and witnesses, proving and verification flows, zk-SNARKs versus zk-STARKs, recursion and aggregation, and how ZK powers privacy and scaling across Web3 today. TL;DR: A prover convinces a verifier that a statement is true without revealing the secret witness. In Web3, ZK enables privacy (shielded transfers and
Zero-Knowledge Proofs (zk-SNARKs, zk-STARKs, Use Cases) Read More »
Hash Functions in Web3 (SHA-256, Keccak-256, Merkle Trees) Preimage resistance, collisions, avalanche, and how hashes secure blocks, addresses, storage, logs, and proofs across modern chains. TL;DR: A cryptographic hash maps arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest while resisting preimage, second-preimage, and collision attacks. Bitcoin standardizes on SHA-256 (often applied twice), while the EVM stack uses
Hash Functions in Web3 (SHA-256, Keccak-256, Merkle Trees) Read More »
Interoperability Protocols: Polkadot, Cosmos (IBC), and Wormhole From shared security and cross-consensus messaging to guardian-signed messages across heterogeneous chains. What each model guarantees, where it is strong, where it fails, and how to build safely on top. TL;DR: Interoperability stacks differ mainly in how they verify foreign state and who bears security. Polkadot couples chains
Interoperability Protocols (Polkadot, Cosmos/IBC, Wormhole) Read More »
Bridges and Cross-Chain Swaps: Lock and Mint, Burn and Redeem, Liquidity Routers How assets and messages travel between chains, what is actually verified, and how swap aggregators compose routes across bridges and DEXs while controlling risk, fees, and finality. TL;DR: Bridges come in two flavors: asset movement and message passing. Asset bridges use lock and
Bridges and Cross-Chain Swaps (How Value Moves Between Chains) Read More »
Multi-sig Wallets and MPC: Shared Control, Fewer Single Points of Failure Set m-of-n approvals for treasury moves, upgrade rights, or personal vault safety. Compare on-chain multisig and MPC, design pragmatic policies, and avoid common operational mistakes. TL;DR: A multisig is a smart-contract account that executes only after m-of-n owner approvals; policy is transparent and enforceable
Multi-sig Wallets (Safe/Gnosis) and MPC Overview Read More »
Decentralized Identifiers (DID) and Verifiable Credentials User controlled identifiers plus portable, signed claims. How DIDs resolve, how credentials are issued and verified, and how these building blocks fit with wallets, apps, security, and compliance. Quick navigation: Introduction • DIDs: formats and methods • Verifiable credentials: model and formats • Issuance flows (wallet and server) •
Decentralized ID (DID) and Verifiable Credentials (VCs) Read More »
