DeFi & Staking

Learn how decentralized finance(DeFi) works from liquidity pools and AMMs to staking, yield farming, and restaking protocols.

Bridges and Cross-Chain Swaps (How Value Moves Between Chains)

Bridges and Cross-Chain Swaps: Lock and Mint, Burn and Redeem, Liquidity Routers How assets and messages travel between chains, what is actually verified, and how swap aggregators compose routes across bridges and DEXs while controlling risk, fees, and finality. TL;DR: Bridges come in two flavors: asset movement and message passing. Asset bridges use lock and […]

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Multi-sig Wallets (Safe/Gnosis) and MPC Overview

Multi-sig Wallets and MPC: Shared Control, Fewer Single Points of Failure Set m-of-n approvals for treasury moves, upgrade rights, or personal vault safety. Compare on-chain multisig and MPC, design pragmatic policies, and avoid common operational mistakes. TL;DR: A multisig is a smart-contract account that executes only after m-of-n owner approvals; policy is transparent and enforceable

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Stablecoins (USDC, DAI, Algorithmic Risks)

Stablecoins: USDC, DAI & Algorithmic Risks How different designs hold a peg, what can go wrong under stress, and a practical playbook for safer usage. TL;DR: Fiat-backed stables (e.g., USDC) hold off-chain reserves and rely on issuer redemptions and banking rails. Over-collateralized crypto stables (e.g., DAI) mint against on-chain collateral with risk parameters (fees, liquidation

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AMMs and DEXs (Uniswap, Curve)

AMMs & DEXs: Uniswap & Curve Explained Constant-product markets, concentrated liquidity, stable-swap curves, slippage, fees, and MEV. everything you need to trade or provide liquidity with confidence. TL;DR: AMMs price assets via math, not order books. Uniswap uses constant-product (x·y=k) and now concentrated liquidity; Curve optimizes for stable pairs with a low-slippage “stable-swap” curve. Mind

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Auditing and Testing (Foundry/Hardhat, fuzzing, static analysis)

Auditing & Testing: From Unit Tests to Fuzzing & Invariants Ship with confidence: rigorous tests, automated checks, and structured reviews before mainnet. TL;DR: Use Foundry or Hardhat for unit/integration tests, add fuzzing/invariant tests, run static analysis (Slither), measure coverage, and follow an audit checklist with clear threat models. In this lesson Tooling Stack Foundry Example

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Staking & Restaking: Risks and Rewards

Staking & Restaking: Risks and Rewards Intermediate DeFi • ~11 min read • Updated: 08/08/2025 TL;DR: In Proof-of-Stake (PoS), validators lock capital to secure the network and earn rewards. You can participate directly (solo), delegate to professionals, or use liquid staking to get a tradable receipt (an LST). Know the tradeoffs: slashing (penalties for misbehavior),

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