Learn the core principles behind blockchain technology, including how decentralized ledgers work, consensus mechanisms, and key terms like nodes, miners, and gas. Perfect for beginners starting their Web3 journey.
What Is Web3? A Beginner’s Guide to the Decentralized Internet Web3 is a vision for an internet owned by its users and built on open protocols where you hold your own keys, your data is portable, and applications run on blockchains instead of purely company servers. If Web1 was the “read-only” web of simple pages, […]
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Add Base Sepolia to MetaMask (Complete, Fast, and Safe Guide) Base Sepolia is the public testnet for the Base network (built on the OP Stack). It’s the best place to experiment with dApps, try deployments, or learn L2 flows without risking real funds. This guide gives you a reliable, copy-paste setup (RPC + Chain ID),
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How to Add Arbitrum Sepolia to MetaMask (Step-by-Step) Arbitrum Sepolia is Arbitrum’s public test network. Use it to test apps, contracts, and workflows without risking real funds. What is Arbitrum Sepolia? Arbitrum Sepolia is the testnet version of Arbitrum One, the popular Ethereum Layer-2 (L2) rollup. It mirrors mainnet features at low cost so builders
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KYC/AML in Web3 (Risk-Based CDD, KYT, Travel-Rule Concepts) How crypto businesses identify customers, monitor activity, and exchange information responsibly — without crushing user privacy or product velocity. Heads-up: This page is practical education, not legal advice. Rules differ by country and change quickly. Before you ship features or accept customer funds, confirm locally with counsel
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Oracles: Bringing Real-World Data On-Chain (Chainlink and Pyth) Price feeds, verifiable randomness, automation, and cross-chain messaging, plus common failure modes and how to harden your contracts against them. TL;DR: Oracles bridge off-chain facts to on-chain programs. You will encounter two dominant patterns: push oracles (for example Chainlink aggregators that periodically post a price on chain)
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Smart Contract Risks: Re-entrancy, Oracles, Access Control & More Recognize top vulnerability classes and the standard defenses used in production. TL;DR: Most exploits are preventable. Use CEI, ReentrancyGuard, strict access control, safe math by default (>=0.8), and robust oracle design. Test, fuzz, and audit before mainnet. In this lesson Re-entrancy Oracle Manipulation Access Control Math/Overflow
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Hybrid Consensus Models Blockchains combining PoW, PoS, or others for security + scalability. TL;DR: No single consensus is perfect. Hybrids blend mechanisms (e.g., PoW + PoS) to balance trade-offs: PoW adds objective, sybil-resistant cost (hashpower/energy), while PoS adds fast finality and capital-based security. Many networks also mix in VRF randomness, BFT committees, and sharding to
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Proof of History (PoH, Solana) A Solana innovation: cryptographic clocks to order transactions before consensus. TL;DR: PoH timestamps transactions with a verifiable delay function (VDF). This makes consensus faster because order is already established. In practice, Solana runs a sequential hash chain (a “cryptographic clock”) that proves the passage of time. Leaders mix incoming transactions
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Proof of Authority (PoA) Consensus where trusted authorities validate blocks instead of open participation. TL;DR: Validators are pre-approved (often identity-verified) and take turns proposing/validating blocks using a Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) engine (e.g., Clique, IBFT). This delivers fast finality and low fees but concentrates power in a small, permissioned set. Security derives from institutional accountability
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Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) A variation of Proof of Stake where token holders elect delegates (validators). TL;DR: Token holders vote for a small set of delegates who validate blocks. Fast, efficient, but introduces political risks. DPoS trades a broad validator set for a rotating committee elected by stake; performance rises, but the system must
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