Advanced blockchain

Sharding & Danksharding in Ethereum 2.0: How Proto-Danksharding (EIP-4844) Changes Ethereum Scaling Ethereum’s long-term scaling roadmap has two pillars: execution off-chain (rollups) and data availability on-chain (blobs and eventually full Danksharding). This masterclass explains classic sharding, why Ethereum pivoted to rollup-centric scaling, how Proto-Danksharding (EIP-4844) introduces a new “blob” resource that slashes rollup costs, and […]

Validium & Volition Models: Scaling While Handling Data Availability Tradeoffs Rollups proved that validity proofs can scale blockchain execution without compromising security. But what if the cost of publishing all transaction data on-chain is too high for your use case? Enter Validium (validity proofs with off-chain data availability) and Volition (per-transaction choice between on-chain and

Formal Verification of Smart Contracts: Mathematical Guarantees Against Exploits A practical, end-to-end guide to specifying, modeling, and proving smart contract properties so exploits become mathematically impossible. We cover EVM semantics, specification styles, SMT/model checking, theorem proving, DeFi invariants, upgradeable proxies, cross-contract reasoning, and how to integrate formal methods into everyday Web3 development. Quick navigation: Introduction

Post-Quantum Cryptography in Blockchain: How Quantum Threats Could Break Bitcoin/Ethereum and the Paths to Safety A deep, practical guide to quantum risk for public blockchains, what Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms actually mean for Bitcoin/Ethereum, and the migration playbook using NIST-selected post-quantum algorithms, hybrids, wallets, L2s, and governance. Written for protocol engineers, wallet builders, DAO governors,

Homomorphic Encryption in Web3: Privacy-Preserving Computation for DeFi and DAOs A comprehensive exploration of homomorphic encryption and its potential to transform privacy in decentralized finance (DeFi), decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), and beyond. Learn the history, mathematics, protocols, real-world use cases, threats, and integration paths for this breakthrough cryptographic tool. Quick navigation: Introduction • Basics of

Threshold Signatures & Multi-Party Computation (MPC): Modern Wallet Security Beyond Multisig How threshold signatures and secure multi-party computation harden digital asset custody, streamline UX, and enable enterprise-grade controls without exposing a single private key. This deep dive explains the math, protocols (ECDSA and Schnorr), risk models, real-world architectures, policies, compliance, disaster recovery, and practical migration

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for Web3: From First Principles to Wallets, Signatures, MPC, ZK, and Post-Quantum A deep, practical, and visual masterclass on elliptic curve cryptography as it powers modern blockchains. We build up intuition, explain the algebra, compare ECDSA vs. Schnorr, unpack seed phrases and BIP-32, explore multi-party/threshold signing, examine common pitfalls, connect ECC