Layer 1 & Layer 2 Networks Foundations & Scaling
Compare top L1s (Ethereum, Solana, Avalanche) and learn how L2s (Optimistic & ZK rollups) scale Ethereum, plus sidechains & state channels.
1) L1s: Ethereum vs Solana vs Avalanche
Three base layers, three philosophies: Ethereum settles & scales via L2s, Solana pursues a high-throughput single chain, and Avalanche enables custom app-chains via subnets.
2) Optimistic Rollups (Arbitrum, Optimism)
Execute off-chain, post data on-chain, and rely on fraud proofs during a challenge window. Cheap & EVM-friendly; withdrawals are delayed.
3) ZK Rollups (zkSync, StarkNet)
Validity proofs convince Ethereum the batch is correct, usually enabling faster withdrawals. Tradeoffs include prover complexity and compatibility.
4) Sidechains & State Channels
Sidechains use their own security and bridge to L1; state channels do rapid off-chain updates with on-chain settlement for repeated interactions.
Further Learning
Layer 1 & Layer 2 Quick Check
Answer 5 random questions each round. No repeats this session.